Drawing
Drawing Scale
Japanese: 縮尺（しゅくしゃく）
比例尺
The ratio between dimensions on a drawing and the actual building.
Glossary
A lightweight multilingual index of terms that appear repeatedly in Japanese architecture study, drawings, code reading, and design criticism.
71
terms
Drawing
Japanese: 縮尺（しゅくしゃく）
比例尺
The ratio between dimensions on a drawing and the actual building.
Drawing
Japanese: 配置図（はいちず）
总平面图
A drawing showing a building position and its relationship to site boundaries, roads, and exterior spaces.
Drawing
Japanese: 平面図（へいめんず）
平面图
A horizontal sectional drawing showing rooms, walls, openings, and circulation.
Drawing
Japanese: 展開図（てんかいず）
室内立面展开图
A drawing unfolding interior wall faces to show openings, furniture, equipment, and finishes.
Drawing
Japanese: グリッドプランニング（）
网格规划
A planning method that uses a grid to organize plans, structure, and component positions.
Planning & Use
Japanese: グルーピング（グルーピング）
功能分组
The organization of spaces and requirements into groups by function, users, or relationships.
Planning & Use
Japanese: コアプラン（コアプラン）
核心筒平面
The arrangement of stairs, lifts, toilets, and service shafts within a building core.
Planning & Use
Japanese: コートハウス（コートハウス）
庭院住宅
A house organized around a courtyard enclosed by buildings or walls.
Planning & Use
Japanese: クルドサック（クルドサック）
尽端式道路
A non-through street, often ending in a turning area for vehicles.
Code Concepts
Japanese: 容積率（ようせきりつ）
容积率
The ratio of total floor area to site area, used to control the overall building volume on a site.
Code Concepts
Japanese: 建蔽率（けんぺいりつ）
建蔽率
The ratio of building footprint area to site area, controlling how much ground the building covers.
Planning & Use
Japanese: 用途地域（ようとちいき）
用途地域
Japanese land-use districts that organize urban areas by residential, commercial, and industrial functions.
Road
Japanese: 接道義務（せつどうぎむ）
接道义务
A basic rule requiring a building site to connect properly to a legally recognized road.
Height
Japanese: 道路斜線制限（どうろしゃせんせいげん）
道路斜线限制
A slant-plane height control from the road side that shapes the street-facing building envelope.
Height
Japanese: 北側斜線制限（きたがわしゃせんせいげん）
北侧斜线限制
A height control from the north-side boundary that protects daylight and residential conditions.
Fire Safety
Japanese: 防火地域（ぼうかちいき）
防火地域
A fire-safety district designation requiring stronger fire performance in dense or high-risk urban areas.
Fire Safety
Japanese: 準防火地域（じゅんぼうかちいき）
准防火地域
An intermediate fire-safety district often used around fire prevention districts or dense urban areas.
Area
Japanese: 建築面積（けんちくめんせき）
建筑面积
The building footprint area used for coverage calculations, with legal inclusion rules to be checked.
Area
Japanese: 延べ面積（のべめんせき）
延べ面积
The sum of floor areas across building stories, central to Floor Area Ratio calculations.
Area
Japanese: 敷地面積（しきちめんせき）
基地面积
The area of a building site, used as the base for FAR and coverage calculations.
Road
Japanese: 前面道路（ぜんめんどうろ）
前面道路
The road facing or adjoining a site, relevant to access, FAR limits, and road slant controls.
Road
Japanese: 道路幅員（どうろふくいん）
道路宽度
The width of a road, relevant to access, FAR restrictions, and road slant calculations.
Code Concepts
Japanese: 角地緩和（かどちかんわ）
角地缓和
A relaxation concept that may apply to coverage and other controls on qualifying corner lots.
Height
Japanese: 天空率（てんくうりつ）
天空率
A measure of sky openness around a building, often used in alternative review of slant restrictions.
Environment
Japanese: 日影規制（にちえいきせい）
日影规制
A rule that evaluates a building shadow over specified time periods and measurement planes.
Environment
Japanese: 採光（さいこう）
采光
The provision of natural light to interior spaces, important for habitable rooms and openings.
Environment
Japanese: 換気（かんき）
通风
The exchange of indoor and outdoor air by natural or mechanical means for health and comfort.
Fire Safety
Japanese: 避難（ひなん）
避难
The movement and route planning that allow people to leave a building safely during fire or disaster.
Fire Safety
Japanese: 耐火建築物（たいかけんちくぶつ）
耐火建筑物
A building with high fire-resistant performance in major structural parts and related elements.
Fire Safety
Japanese: 準耐火建築物（じゅんたいかけんちくぶつ）
准耐火建筑物
A building type that meets specified fire performance below full fire-resistant construction.
Fire Safety
Japanese: 防火構造（ぼうかこうぞう）
防火构造
Construction designed to prevent or slow fire spread, often involving walls, roofs, and openings.
Building Parts
Japanese: 主要構造部（しゅようこうぞうぶ）
主要结构部
Key building parts such as walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, and stairs used in structural and fire judgments.
Building Parts
Japanese: 開口部（かいこうぶ）
开口部
Windows, doors, and other openings in walls or envelopes, important for light, air, and fire safety.
Building Parts
Japanese: 外壁（がいへき）
外墙
The outer wall of a building, relevant to structure, insulation, fire safety, and facade expression.
Building Parts
Japanese: 階段（かいだん）
楼梯
Vertical circulation elements connecting floors, also important in evacuation planning.
Use
Japanese: 居室（きょしつ）
居室
A room used continuously for living, working, study, or similar activities, tied to light and ventilation rules.
Use
Japanese: 共同住宅（きょうどうじゅうたく）
共同住宅
A residential building containing multiple dwelling units, relevant to zoning, evacuation, fire safety, and shared areas.
Planning & Use
Japanese: 商業地域（しょうぎょうちいき）
商业地域
A zoning district intended for commerce, offices, and dense urban activity.
Planning & Use
Japanese: 第一種低層住居専用地域（だいいっしゅていそうじゅうきょせんようちいき）
第一种低层住居专用地域
A zoning district strongly focused on protecting low-rise residential environments.
Structure
Japanese: 鉄筋コンクリート（てっきんコンクリート）
钢筋混凝土
A structural material combining concrete in compression with reinforcing steel in tension.
Structure
Japanese: ラーメン構造（ラーメンこうぞう）
刚架结构
A frame whose rigidly connected beams and columns resist loads through member bending and joint action.
Structure
Japanese: フラットスラブ構造（フラットスラブこうぞう）
无梁楼盖结构
A structural system in which floor slabs bear directly on columns without conventional beams.
Structure
Japanese: 壁式構造（かべしきこうぞう）
墙式结构
A system of load-bearing walls and floors in which walls carry vertical and lateral forces.
Materials
Japanese: セメント（セメント）
水泥
A powdered binder that reacts with water, hardens, and binds aggregate in concrete.
Concrete
Japanese: 水和（すいわ）
水化
The chemical reaction between cement and water that produces hydrates and leads to setting and hardening.
Concrete
Japanese: 水和熱（すいわねつ）
水化热
Heat released by cement hydration, important to temperature change and cracking risk in mass concrete.
Concrete
Japanese: フレッシュコンクリート（フレッシュコンクリート）
新拌混凝土
Concrete in its plastic state after mixing and before setting, while it can still be transported and placed.
Concrete
Japanese: ワーカビリティー（ワーカビリティー）
和易性
The ease of transporting, placing, filling, and compacting fresh concrete without harmful segregation.
Materials
Japanese: 骨材（こつざい）
骨料
Granular material such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone forming much of concrete or mortar.
Materials
Japanese: 細骨材（さいこつざい）
细骨料
Smaller aggregate, typically sand, used to fill spaces between coarse aggregate particles.
Materials
Japanese: 粗骨材（そこつざい）
粗骨料
Larger aggregate such as gravel or crushed stone that forms a main part of the concrete skeleton.
Materials
Japanese: モルタル（モルタル）
砂浆
A mix generally made from cement, water, and fine aggregate, used in masonry, finishes, and concrete matrix.
Materials
Japanese: ポルトランドセメント（ポルトランドセメント）
硅酸盐水泥
A common hydraulic cement made primarily from clinker and gypsum, widely used as a concrete binder.
Materials
Japanese: 高炉セメント（こうろセメント）
高炉水泥
A blended cement incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace slag, with properties varying by blend.
Materials
Japanese: フライアッシュセメント（フライアッシュセメント）
粉煤灰水泥
A blended cement containing fly ash, affecting workability, heat evolution, and long-term strength development.
Concrete
Japanese: 水セメント比（みずセメントひ）
水灰比
The mass ratio of mixing water to cement, central to concrete strength, durability, and workability.
Concrete
Japanese: スランプ（スランプ）
坍落度
A measure of fresh-concrete consistency based on the vertical subsidence observed in a standard test.
Materials
Japanese: AE剤（エーイーざい）
引气剂
An admixture that introduces small dispersed air bubbles to improve workability and freeze-thaw resistance.
Construction
Japanese: 養生（ようじょう）
养护
The control of moisture, temperature, and disturbance while concrete hardens to support strength and durability.
Structure
Japanese: 設計基準強度（せっけいきじゅんきょうど）
设计基准强度
The specified compressive strength that structural concrete is required to satisfy for design.
Concrete
Japanese: ブリーディング（ブリーディング）
泌水
The upward movement of water in fresh concrete as solid particles settle.
Construction
Japanese: レイタンス（レイタンス）
浮浆层
A weak surface layer of fine particles carried upward with bleed water.
Construction
Japanese: コールドジョイント（コールドジョイント）
冷缝
An unintended joint where successive concrete placements fail to integrate adequately.
Concrete
Japanese: 中性化（ちゅうせいか）
碳化
The reaction of hardened concrete with atmospheric carbon dioxide, gradually reducing alkalinity.
Structure
Japanese: 異形棒鋼（いけいぼうこう）
带肋钢筋
Reinforcing steel with surface ribs that improve mechanical bond with concrete.
Structure
Japanese: 定着（ていちゃく）
锚固
The transfer of reinforcing-bar force into concrete or adjoining members through embedment or hooks.
Structure
Japanese: かぶり厚さ（かぶりあつさ）
混凝土保护层厚度
The shortest distance from reinforcement to the concrete surface, important to durability and fire resistance.
Structure
Japanese: あばら筋（あばらきん）
梁箍筋
Transverse reinforcement enclosing beam bars, primarily resisting shear and restraining longitudinal bars.
Structure
Japanese: 帯筋（おびきん）
柱箍筋
Transverse reinforcement around column bars that contributes to shear resistance and confinement.
Materials
Japanese: クリープ（クリープ）
徐变
The gradual increase in material deformation over time under sustained stress.
Structure
Japanese: せん断補強筋（せんだんほきょうきん）
抗剪钢筋
Reinforcement provided to resist shear, including beam stirrups and column hoops.